Chapter 4. The Interplay of Reading, Spelling, and Math in Primary Education: A Panel VAR Analysis Figure 4.1: Visualization of the skills variables. Note. This heatplot shows the relationship among reading, spelling, and math skills (in SD). For reading, blue refers to low reading proficiency, whereas red refers to high reading proficiency. As indicated by the black line in Figure 4.1, there appears to be a positive association between students’ spelling and math skills. This suggests that students with stronger spelling skills tend to have higher math skills, and vice versa. Furthermore, the color scale in Figure 4.1 illustrates how reading skills relate to both spelling and math skills. If we move along the secondary diagonal (from the bottom-left to the top-right), the color gradually shifts from blue to red. This suggests that lower reading scores (blue) are associated with lower spelling and math scores, while higher reading scores (red) correspond to higher 86
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