Table B.11: Robustness check of the sixth-grade achievement gap with no missing category for parental education. Parental education (Middle=ref.) Sex (Male=ref.) Migration background (None=ref.) Low High Female Western Non-Western Panel I: Reading Grade 6 -.147*** .471*** .242*** .068*** -.038** Grade 6, control grade 2 OLS -.085*** .315*** .112*** .107*** .093*** (57.82) (66.88) (46.28) (157.35) / IV -.054*** .224*** .038*** .134*** .167*** (36.73) (47.56) (15.70) (192.65) / Panel II: Spelling Grade 6 -.049** .255*** .045*** .114*** .123*** Grade 6, control grade 2 OLS -.024 .135*** -.052*** .099*** .129*** (48.98) (52.94) / (86.84) (104.88) IV -.015 .089*** -.089*** .094*** .131*** (30.61) (34.90) / (82.46) (106.50) Panel III: Math Grade 6 -.108*** .447*** -.275*** .100*** -.004 Grade 6, control grade 2 OLS -.067*** .254*** -.037*** .099*** .128*** (62.04) (56.82) (13.45) (99.00) / IV -.054*** .192*** .041*** .098*** .171*** (50.00) (42.95) / (98.00) / Note. This table presents the estimates for the regressions of sixth-grade skill scores on student characteristics (parental education, age, sex, migration background, household type, and family size), grade retention, a covid dummy, and year FE. We include no missing category for parental education. In the first row of each panel, the estimate for the corresponding student characteristic is reported. In the second and third rows, the second-grade skill score is added to the regression, and the updated estimates for the student characteristics are shown for the OLS and IV regressions, respectively. The proportion of the sixth-grade achievement gap that forms between second and sixth grade is displayed in parentheses. A forward slash indicates that a specific figure is missing or in the opposite direction of the sixth-grade achievement gap. This would result in a negative proportion of the sixth-grade achievement gap formed between second and sixth grade, which we do not report. A forward slash is also displayed if the sixth-grade achievement gap is not significant. *** p< .01, ** p< .05, * p< .1. 215
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