Appendices Table B.9: Regression estimates of first-grade skill scores on parental education and student characteristics. SKILLG1 Reading Spelling Math Parental education (Middle=ref.) Low-educated -.114*** -.092*** -.063*** (.021) (.024) (.022) High-educated .312*** .174*** .324*** (.015) (.015) (.014) Age -.082*** -.174*** -.065*** (.013) (.013) (.013) Sex (Male=ref.) .219*** .107*** -.274*** (.011) (.011) (.011) Migration background (No=ref.) Western migrant -.011 -.072*** -.009 (.021) (.021) (.021) Non-western migrant -.164*** -.105*** -.285*** (.017) (.018) (.017) Household type (Two-parent=ref.) -.061*** -.081*** -.011*** (.015) (.016) (.016) Family size -.046*** -.028*** -.011*** (.006) (.007) (.006) Constant .662*** 1.760*** 1.718*** (.095) (.097) (.095) Observations 31,804 31,804 31,804 R-squared .181 .181 .195 Note. SKILLG1 refers to the standardized skill scores in grade one. The dummy for the missing category of parental education is excluded from the table. We also include a control for grade retention, a covid dummy, and year FE. Robust standard errors are displayed in parentheses. ***p< .01, **p< .05, *p< .1. 210
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