TableB.4: Full main regression estimates. SKILLG6 Reading Spelling Math SKILLG1 .458*** .423*** .535*** (.005) (.006) (.005) Parental education (Middle=ref.) Low-educated -.083*** -.021 -.068*** (.020) (.021) (.012) High-educated .328*** .172*** .278*** (.012) (.013) (.012) Student characteristics Age -.124*** -.180*** -.180*** (.010) (.011) (.009) Sex (Male=ref.) .140*** .001 -.126*** (.009) (.010) (.009) Migration background (No=ref.) Western migrant .102*** .181*** .144*** (.018) (.019) (.017) Non-western migrant .057*** .206*** .170*** (.015) (.016) (.015) Household type (Two-parent=ref.) -.147*** -.042*** -.149*** (.011) (.012) (.011) Family size .002 -.010* .004 (.005) (.006) (.005) Constant .854*** 1.671*** 1.923*** (.288) (.511) (.208) Observations 31,808 31,808 31,808 R-squared .404 .330 .469 Note. SKILLG1 andSKILLG6 refer to the standardized skill scores in grades one and six, respectively. The dummy for the missing category of parental education is excluded from the table. We also include a control for grade retention, a COVID dummy, and school and year FE. Robust standard errors are displayed in parentheses. ***p< .01, **p< .05, *p< .1. 203
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