Appendices TableB.1: Student characteristics. Variable Type of variable Description Sex Categorical 0 Male 1Female Age Numerical The age of the student for the mid-term and end-of-term test may differ. We take into account the maximum age of a student in a certain grade. In most cases, this equals the age of the student at the time of the end test. Migration background Categorical 0 No migration background 1 Western migration background 2 Non-Western migration background Parental education Categorical Highest educational degree obtained among parents: 1 Low-educated (bo/vmbo) 2 Middle-educated (mbo/havo/vwo) 3 High-educated (hbo/wo/dr) 4Missing Household type Categorical 0 Two-parent household (child lives with his/her legal parents) 1 Non-two-parent household (child lives alone with his/her mother, alone with his/her father, with his/her mother and partner, with his/her father and partner, without one of his/her legal parents) Family size Numerical The number of individuals below 18 years old living in the household. Note. This table provides an overview of the student characteristics taken into account in the analyses. Note that, besides these student characteristics, the analyses control for grade retention, a covid dummy and include a school and year fixed effect. 200
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