Chapter 5. Heat and Learning in a Moderate Climate: Temperature Effects on Primary School Students in the Netherlands Figure 5.1: Baselines estimates: the effect of daily maximum temperature on student performance. Note. This figure shows the estimates of a regression of students’ reading (N=3,860,382) and math (N=5,142,093) scores on daily maximum temperature on the day of the test. Dots represent the effect of daily maximum temperature on student performance, while the vertical lines represent the 95 percent confidence intervals. The vertical gray band is the reference category for the temperature bins. grees Celsius, students score on average around 0.015 SD for reading and around 0.010 SD for math lower if the warmest moment of the testing day is between 20-25 degrees Celsius, and more than 0.02 SD lower if the warmest moment of the day exceeds 30 degrees Celsius. In comparison to previous literature, which has found effects between 0.06 SD and 0.16 SD, the effects in the Netherlands are rather moderate. However, this might also not come as a surprise due to the moderate climate in the Netherlands. Nevertheless, these effects are sizable. If we compare our finding to the learning losses in Dutch primary education during the COVID-19 pandemic (such as in Haelermans et al., 2022), this negative effect is around one-sixth of the size of the learning 126
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