Chapter 5. Heat and Learning in a Moderate Climate: Temperature Effects on Primary School Students in the Netherlands reading performance, the tests do not assess all components of math in every grade. While in grade one to three the students are only assessed on numbers, and measurement and geometry, they are additionally assessed on ratios and establishing mathematical connections in later grades. Also, the number of questions develops over grades. In first grade, students are assessed with two tasks of 26 questions, whereas this is three tasks of 32 questions in grade six. In addition, sixth-grade students take a test of 20 questions on the use of a calculator.3 To enhance comparability between tests, we standardize the test scores to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one by the combination of test period and grade. This combination, here and in the remainder of the chapter, refers to the combination of the mid-term test or the end-of term test, and the grade of the student. For instance, mid-term test of grade two is one grade-test period combination and end-term test in grade two refers to another grade-test period combination. 5.2.4 Weather data Weather data are provided by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), covering an ERA5-Land reanalysis dataset on grid-level (0.1 x 0.1 degrees). This dataset has hourly temperature data and daily information on other weather variables, which we aggregate at the municipality level. The hourly data are used to calculate the daily maximum temperature. We merge this information with the student performance data, based on the municipality code of the students’ school and the test date. We prefer 3More information on these tests can be found in the documents on the scientific justification of the tests on the website of CITO. 118
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