Chapter 5. Heat and Learning in a Moderate Climate: Temperature Effects on Primary School Students in the Netherlands Abstract This paper estimates the causal effect of temperature exposure on students’ reading and math performance in primary education in the Netherlands. Using panel data between 2013 and 2023, we exploit exogenous variation in students’ exposure to outdoor temperature at different municipalities over time. Our results show statistically significant negative effects of temperature on reading and math performance. These negative effects are mostly found for heat. Our results have implications for school building quality and policy focused on the effects of global warming. 108
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