regressions, which capture only contemporaneous associations and therefore fail to account for the total change that unfolds over time following a skill shock. Figure 4.3: Cumulative Effects of the GIRF. Note. This graph shows the cumulative effects of the GIRF over time. A single time interval corresponds to half a grade. The title of the graph specifies which variable responds to which shock (e.g., Reading on Math = response of math skills to a shock in reading skills). 101
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