Executive summary ucation. This advocates policymakers to invest as early as possible in basic skills, as students’ early stock of skills seem determinant for their later stock of skills. Chapter 4 establishes that basic skills are interrelated both contemporaneously and dynamically throughout primary education, suggesting that an investment in one skill can be associated with benefits in others. The third part of this dissertation accentuates that environmental factors can affect student performance. Chapter 5 reports that temperature, especially heat, has adverse effects on reading and math test scores. The chapter highlights the need for policymakers to establish a favorable learning and testing environment for students. viii
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