The Devil Is in the Detail: Measuring Intra-EU Labour Migration 55 Table 3.3: Foreign-born comparison statistics* EU-LFS OECD Eurostat** Correlation*** 2004 2013 2004 2013 2004± 2013 2004-2016 Austria 11.26 15.47 14.14 16.7 16.12 0.8702 Belgium 10.98 14.15 11.71 15.51 15.46 0.8994 Denmark 6.21 9.5 6.35 8.48 9.79 0.9386 Finland 2.07 3.3 3.18 5.59 5.15 0.9562 France 9.87 11.04 11.11 12.04 11.50 0.8991 Germany¥ 8.55 (2005) 8.34 12.61 (2005) 12.78 11.74 0.7927 Greece 7.84 (2010) 6.74 (2012) 7.427 (2010) 6.58 (2012) 11.88 (2010) 11.84 (2012) 0.9943 Ireland 8.92 (2005) 16.37 12.598 (2005) 16.42 16.04 0.9678 Italy 6.81 (2008) 8.93 9.8 (2008) 9.46 9.54 –0.9551 Luxembourg 32.65 41.06 32.81 43.75 42.35 0.9349 Netherlands 10.58 9.83 10.66 11.63 11.49 –0.8274 Portugal 5.37 6.86 7.39 8.2 8.40 0.8395 Spain 7.92 12.11 10.25 13.44 8.34 13.21 0.9890 Sweden 13.05 18 12.23 15.98 15.41 0.9715 Switzerland 24.41 28.95 23.52 28.3 26.16 0.9738 United Kingdom 8.73 12.86 8.9 12.26 12.40 0.9899 * There are a number of countries with missing data, consequently for some countries data for the years 2004 or 2013 are not available. In these instances, the next closest year is used. ** foreign-born as a percentage of the population has been calculated using Eurostat immigration and population data *** the correlations presented are my own calculations between the OECD and the EU-LFS. ± Data not available for most countries until 2009 ¥ foreign population in EU-LFS, no data for foreign-born is available Source: Eurostat (2017c, 2017b); OECD (2017b) 3.7 Conclusion The three most recent rounds of EU enlargement have incorporated 13 new member states and around 100 million new citizens into the Union. One of the most important outcomes of this expansion has been the gradual opening up of the EU-15’s national labour markets to include this new group of mobile citizens. Importantly, open borders within the EU appear to have created new and more diverse patterns of movement, such as circular labour movements driven by economic demand and changing patterns of settlement (Favell, 2008; Strockmeijer et al., 2019). However, across the EU many of these movements remain somewhat invisible as open borders
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