30 Chapter 2 Table 2.7: Results for the IV models Fixed-effects IV model 16 European OECD countries (1990-2010) 16 European OECD countries (1990-2010) 16 European OECD countries (1990-2015) 21 European OECD countries (1990-2015) (1) (2) (3) (4) Spending Generosity Spending Spending Foreign-bornt-1 0.92** –0.43 0.38* 0.71*** (0.40) (0.30) (0.22) (0.17) Population under 15t-1 1.33*** 0.17 0.77** 0.91*** (0.41) (0.30) (0.32) (0.26) Population over 64t-1 1.05** –0.34 0.93*** 1.29*** (0.47) (0.35) (0.26) (0.17) Unemployment ratet-1 –0.14 –0.15* –0.20*** –0.07 (0.10) (0.08) (0.07) (0.05) GDP growtht-1 –0.29*** –0.03 –0.25*** –0.22*** (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.03) Female labour force 0.09 0.48*** 0.13 0.02 participationt-1 (0.18) (0.13) (0.09) (0.07) Left Seatst-1 –0.00 0.01*** –0.00 –0.00 (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) Union Densityt-1 0.29*** 0.21*** 0.23*** 0.29*** (0.11) (0.08) (0.07) (0.07) KOF – economict-1 0.10 –0.08 0.07 0.11** (0.08) (0.06) (0.07) (0.05) Deindustrialisationt-1 0.08 0.24* 0.42*** 0.08 (0.18) (0.13) (0.14) (0.05) Intercept –56.16*** –5.14 –62.84*** –48.58*** (16.89) (12.61) (13.29) (11.07) N 120 120 177 223 First stage F-statistic 43.45 43.45 59.20 70.23 Sargan-Hansen p-value 0.62 0.17 0.60 0.22 Standard errors in parentheses * p < .1, ** p < .05, *** p < .01
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