The Political Economy of Immigration and Welfare State Effort: Evidence from Europe 27 Table 2.5: Results for the first-differences model (1) (2) Variable Spending Generosity ΔForeign-bornt-1 0.251* –0.014 (0.142) (0.100) ΔPopulation under 15t-1 0.882 –0.209 (0.829) (0.364) ΔPopulation over 64t-1 0.882 –0.209 (0.829) (0.364) ΔUnemployment ratet-1 –0.170 –0.049 (0.142) (0.056) GDP growtht-1 –0.047 –0.016 (0.092) (0.023) ΔFemale labour force participationt-1 0.272 0.126 (0.191) (0.081) ΔLeft Seatst-1 –0.002 0.002 (0.004) (0.002) ΔUnion Densityt-1 0.054 0.080* (0.055) (0.044) ΔKOF – economict-1 –0.093 –0.025 (0.095) (0.027) ΔDeindustrialisationt-1 0.221 0.001 (0.147) (0.094) Intercept 0.140 0.058 (0.274) (0.092) Country Dummies No No Year Dummies No No N 176 176 Adj R2 0.069 –0.019 Rho 0.032 0.107 Standard errors in parentheses * p < .1, ** p < .05, *** p < .01
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjY0ODMw