8 Chapter 1 immigration – EU153 + EFTA4 labour migration and EU135 labour migration. These two particular sub-sections of European movement previously had been invisible in the macro-level statistics for international comparison. This chapter explains the creation of these indicators, their limitations, and provides descriptive statistics to showcase both their suitability and accuracy as useful indicators, as well as to present some key trends in intraEU labour migration that were previously assumed but not adequately supported by the data. It is following this chapter that the thesis narrows its scope to the effects of post-2004 EU expansion mobility on European welfare states. Chapter 4 is coauthored with Olaf van Vliet and specifically builds upon Chapter 2. We utilise the indicators created in the third chapter to provide a more specific analysis of the relationship between immigration and the welfare state. While we continue to observe the macro-level relationship between the generosity of the welfare state and the level of immigration in 16 European countries using pooled time-series, cross-sectional data and panel corrected standard error models, just as I do in Chapter 2, the aim of this chapter is to provide a more detailed picture of these associations through breaking down social welfare generosity and immigration into more specific component parts. Thus, this chapter expands upon previous literature by analysing a previously ‘missing’ population of interest (intraEU labour migration) and by disaggregating social welfare spending into separate subdomains capturing specific programme-related changes across countries. Moreover, we complement spending data with two replacement rates, unemployment from the OECD and original data on social assistance, in order to provide a more holistic approach to operationalising welfare state generosity. Again, this chapter finds no evidence of a negative relationship between immigration and European welfare states, indeed we find the opposite. In particular, we find positive associations between intra-EU labour mobility and unemployment spending and unemployment replacements rates, again indicating support for the compensation hypothesis. Chapter 5 is sole-authored and aims to examine at the micro-level mechanisms that under-pin the macro-level relationships we see in the earlier chapters. This paper explores how Central and Eastern European (CEE) labour mobility, a particular type of migration, affects attitudes towards the welfare state. Through the use of multilevel models and the European Social 3 The pre-2004 expansion member states: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. 4 European Free Trade Association (EFTA) members: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland 5 The post-2004 expansion member states: Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
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