79 Chapter 4 Table 5: Overview of each hypothesis and its outcome. Abbreviations: AT, attention; AW, awareness; PF, present focus; AC, acceptance; TM, total mindfulness. *+ significant positive result *- significant negative result ^ significant results found for certain types of purchases (Study 2 shows significant results between: PF and sustainable products; PF and sustainable experiences; AC and non-sustainable experiences). # Both correlations and effects were measured. Table 6: Overview results per study. Dhandra, 2020), might not affect impulse buying. Manipulated levels of mindfulness did not affect impulse buying behavior. However, the number of people who chose to buy a product with the credits they otherwise would earn was very low in both conditions. This makes it difficult to draw robust conclusions on the effect of mindfulness on impulse buying behavior. Nonetheless, the fact that mindful people and less mindful people also did not significantly differ in the amount of money they would impulsively spend on hedonic purchases, strengthens the possibility that mindfulness might not affect impulse purchasing. AT *- *- *- *- PF n/a n/a *-^ n.s. 1 (NL) 2 1 (US) 3# St. nr. AW n.s. *+ n.s. n.s. AC n/a n/a *+^ n.s. AC n.s. n.s. n.s. n.s. AT n/a n/a n/a n.s. AT n/a n/a n.s. n.s. PF n/a n/a n/a n.s. PF *- *- n.s. n.s. TM n/a n/a n.s. n.s. TM *- *- *- *- AW n/a n/a n/a n.s. AW n/a n/a n.s. n.s. AC n/a n/a n/a n.s. TM n/a n/a n/a n.s. Impulse buying trait Impulse buying urge Impulse buying behivor H1: Trait mindfulness and impulse buying trait are negatively correlated. H2: Trait mindfulness and impulse buying urge are positively related. H3: State mindfulness has a positive effect on impulse buying urge. H4: State mindfulness has a positive effect on impulse buying behavior. Hypothesis Outcome Accepted. Four different data sets from the three studies found a significant, negative correlation between trait mindfulness and impulse buying trait. Rejected. We did not find a relationship (positive nor negative) between trait mindfulness and impulse buying urges. Rejected. We did not find an effect (positive nor negative) of state mindfulness on impulse buying urge. Rejected. We did not find an effect (positive nor negative) of state mindfulness on impulse buying behavior.
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