72 The Urge to Splurge Results. We performed a Pearson’s correlation test to assess the relationship between trait mindfulness and impulse buying trait (H1). The results show, for both the Dutch and the US sample, a negative correlation. This indicates that the more mindful someone claims to be, the lower their general impulse buying tenStudy 1 Method. Design & Participants. Study 1 consisted of two online surveys measuring the relationship between trait mindfulness and impulse buying trait. The first survey was administered among respondents from the USA (N = 502; Mage = 35.83, SDage = 11.34; 62.9% male, 36.7% female, 0.2% nonbinary). The second survey was administered among Dutch respondents (N = 308; Mage = 48.00, SDage = 17.02; 50% male, 49.7% female, 0.3% non-binary). Procedure. In all three studies, the respondents or participants were invited to participate in a research inquiry on consumer behavior in exchange for credit. In addition to the necessary measurements, the questionnaires also included multiple attention checks. Only data from individuals who passed the checks were included in the analysis. Prior to data collection, the studies were approved by the ethics committee. After filling in the questionnaire the respondents were debriefed and thanked for their participation. Measurements. In both the Dutch survey and the American survey, we measured trait mindfulness and impulse buying trait. Trait mindfulness was measured using the revised cognitive and affective mindfulness scale (CAMS-R, e.g., Feldman et al., 2007). This scale consists out of items that measured the four dimensions of mindfulness; attention (e.g., It is easy for me to concentrate on what I am doing), awareness (e.g., It’s easy for me to keep track of my thoughts and feelings), present-focus (e.g., I am able to focus on the present moment), and acceptance (e.g., I can accept things I cannot change). Impulse buying trait is measured using the general impulse buying tendency scale developed by Rook et al. (1995) which is often used to measure impulse buying as a trait (e.g., Parsad, Prashar, & Vijay, 2019) and consisted out of items such as ‘I often buy things without thinking’. Both the scales were considered reliable (Table 4). Overview studies To test the hypotheses, we conducted three studies. Study 1 assessed the relationship between trait mindfulness and impulse buying trait (H1) in the Netherlands and the USA. We reassessed this relationship in Studies 2 and 3 (H1). Moreover, Study 2 examined the relationship between trait mindfulness and impulse buying urges (H2). Study 3 examined the effect of state mindfulness on both impulse buying urges (H3) and impulse buying behavior (H4).8
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