36 Chapter 1 Table 2. Continued. Study Neuroimaging technique Disorder Sample size (number of females) Mean age, years (SD) Diagnosis * Medicated: unmedicated Main findings in patients (compared to controls) Patients Controls Patients Controls Xu et al. 2024 fMRI (resting state) NT1 34 (10) 34 (10) 30.0 (12.0) 29.0 (12.0) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy NR Mixed lower and greater lowfrequency activity in NT1 in temporal, cerebellar, frontal and occipital regions. Widespread mixed lower and greater functional connectivity in NT1 between the anterior cingulate cortex and aforementioned regions. Differences correlated with working memory and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Schwartz et al. 2008 Task-based fMRI (humour) NT1 12 (6) 12 (6) 32.6 (8.3) 33.8 (6.9) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, HLA, CSF 0:12 Lower activation in NT1 in the hypothalamus and greater activation in the amygdala. Reiss et al. 2008 Task-based fMRI (humour) NT1 10 (7) 12 (7) 29.8 (6.5) 25.9 (4.1) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, HLA, CSF 0:10** Greater activation in NT1 in emotional network including the ventral striatum, right inferior frontal gyri and hypothalamus. Meletti et al. 2015 Task-based fMRI (humour) NT1 21 (9) N/A 11.3 (2.5) N/A PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, HLA, CSF 0:21 Greater activation during cataplexy > laughter conditions in a corticolimbic network including the anterior insular cortex, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala.
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