34 Chapter 1 Table 2. Continued. Study Neuroimaging technique Disorder Sample size (number of females) Mean age, years (SD) Diagnosis * Medicated: unmedicated Main findings in patients (compared to controls) Patients Controls Patients Controls Järvelä et al. 2020 fMRI (resting state) NT1 21 (12) 21 (12) 28.1 (9.2) 28.3 (9.2) Cataplexy 19:2 Different functional network connectivity in NT1, mainly between the default mode network and other resting state networks, suggesting delayed and monotonic inter-network information flow. Xiao et al. 2020 fMRI (resting state) NT1 26 (5) 30 (6) 13.9 (2.7) 13.3 (2.3) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy 0:26 Lower overall clustering coefficient and small-worldness in paediatric NT1, and lower functional connectivity between the limbic system and the default mode network, and increased connectivity in the visual network. Findings were positively associated with subjective sleepiness, impulsiveness and depressive symptoms. Zhu et al. 2021 EEG + fMRI (resting state) NT1 25 (9) 25 (10) 22.4 (6.9) 22.5 (3.8) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy NR Whole brain lower global efficiency and small-world properties during stage N2 sleep in NT1. These measures negatively correlated with longer disease duration and worse cognitive testing.
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