32 Chapter 1 Table 2. Continued. Study Neuroimaging technique Disorder Sample size (number of females) Mean age, years (SD) Diagnosis * Medicated: unmedicated Main findings in patients (compared to controls) Patients Controls Patients Controls Trotti et al. 2021 FDG-PET NT1 + IH NT1: 14 (10) IH: 16 (14) 9 (6) NT1: 30.0 (8.3) IH: 38.1 (8.2) 32.2 (15.5) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, CSF NR Hypermetabolism in NT1 compared to controls in the fusiform gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyri, insula, cuneus, precuneus, pre- and post-central gyri, and culmen. Hypermetabolism in IH compared to controls in the precuneus, inferior parietal lobule, superior and middle temporal gyri, and culmen. Chin et al. 2024 FDG-PET NT1 + NT2 NT1: 224 (117) NT2: 90 (56) 26 (10) NT1: 23.3 (9.5) NT2: 24.0 (9.5) 19.1 (NR) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, HLA 0:314 Using metabolism rates from the left basal ganglia, Heschl and striatum, machine learning models achieved diagnostic classification accuracy of 99%. Barateau et al. 2024 TSPO-PET NT1 41 (20) 35 (16) 21.3 (9.9) 34.9 (18.5) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, HLA, CSF 0:41 No change in [18F]DPA-714 binding (SUV/SUVr) in the hypothalamus and thalamus in NT1. Lower whole brain SUVr in NT1, which suggests lower microglia density. Drissi et al. 2016 EEG + fMRI (resting state) NT1 + NT2 NT1: 15 (10) NT2: 1 (1) 16 (10) NT1: (16.7) NT2: 17.9 NR (1320) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, HLA, CSF 12:2 (2 unknown) Less time spent in EEG microstate in narcolepsy, which was associated with the default mode network. Narcolepsy, had altered resting state brain dynamics.
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