30 Chapter 1 Table 2. Nuclear imaging and functional MRI findings in hypersomnolence disorders Study Neuroimaging technique Disorder Sample size (number of females) Mean age, years (SD) Diagnosis * Medicated: unmedicated Main findings in patients (compared to controls) Patients Controls Patients Controls Sakai et al. 1979 133Xe Inhalation NT1 12 (2) 8 (2) 43 (17) 33 (13) PSG, MLST, cataplexy 0:12** Greater blood flow in NT1 at sleep onset, greatest in the brainstem-cerebellar regions. Joo et al. 2005 SPECT NT1 25 (8) 25 (8) 31 (NR) 31 (NR) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy 0:25 Hypoperfusion in NT1 in the anterior hypothalami, caudate nuclei, pulvinar nuclei of thalami, dorsolateral/ ventromedial prefrontal cortices, parahippocampal gyri, and cingulate gyri Boucetta et al. 2017 SPECT IH 13 (10) 16 (10) 33.1 (9.7) 31.0 (9.5) PSG, MSLT 0:13** Hypoperfusion in IH in medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex and putamen. Hyperperfusion in amygdala and temporo-occipital cortices. Joo et al. 2004 FDG-PET NT1 + NT2 NT1: 21 (NR) NT2: 3 (NR) 24 (8) 32 (NR) † 32 (NR) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy 0:24** Hypometabolism in narcolepsy in bilateral rectal and subcallosal gyri, medial convexity of right superior frontal gyrus, bilateral precuneus, right inferior parietal lobule, left supramarginal gyrus, bilateral posterior hypothalami and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei Dauvilliers et al. 2010 FDG-PET NT1 21 (11) 21 (11) 41.8 (17.5) 38.1 (19.5) PSG, MSLT, cataplexy, HLA 7:14 Hypermetabolism in NT1 in the limbic cortex specifically in the anterior and mid cingulate cortex, in the right cuneus and lingual gyrus.
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