28 Chapter 1 Table 1. Continued. Study Neuroimaging technique Disorder Sample size (number of females) Mean age, years (SD) Diagnosis * Medicated: unmedicated Main findings in patients (compared to controls) Patients Controls Patients Controls Gumeler et al. 2023 DTI-ALPS (3T) NT1 + NT2 NT1: 14 (9) NT2: 11 (6) 11 (6) NT1: 33.5 (27.538.5)*** NT2: 40.0 (30.047.0)*** 36.0 (31.058.0)*** PSG, MSLT, cataplexy NR Negative correlation between DTI-ALPS index and WASO and percentage of wakefulness in NT1. Negative correlation between DTI-ALPS index and percentage of N1 sleep and positive correlation with REM percentage in NT2. Drissi et al. 2019 qMRI (3T) NT1 14 (10) 14 (NR) 16.4 (2.2) 16.7 (2.1) CSF 12:2 Reduced R2 values (neuromelanin) in NT1 in the reticular formation of the brainstem. Kim et al. 2008 MRS (3T) NT1 17 (3) 17 (5) 25.1 (4.6) 26.8 (4.8) MSLT, cataplexy, HLA 11:6 Greater concentration of GABA in NT1 in the medial prefrontal cortex. Witt et al. 2018 MRS (3T) NT1 17 (11) 20 (12) 16.5 (1.9) 17.4 (2.6) NR 15:2 No differences in GABA or Glutamate in the medial prefrontal cortex.
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