230 Chapter 8 narcolepsy. A p < 0.05 threshold and minimum significant clusters size of 20 voxels were used. Locations of significant clusters were determined using the AAL and Brodmann + atlases in WFU PickAtlas (part of SPM12). Results Both groups were comparable in age, sex and IQ distributions (Table 1). Patients had typical narcolepsy type 1 characteristics, were all HLA DQB1*0602 positive and had significantly higher ESS scores than controls. One epoch during the waking rest condition was scored as NREM1 sleep in one patient and this period was excluded from the fMRI analyses. Table 1: Characteristics of the study population Patients (n = 12) Healthy controls (n = 12) P-value Male:female (N:N) 8:4 8:4 1.000 Age (years, mean, SD) 33.25 (10.50) 32.75 (13.16) 0.919 IQ score (mean, SD) 110.58 (10.73) 111.30 (8.25) 0.865 Age of onset EDS (years, mean, SD) 19.42 (9.15) - EDS duration (years, median, IQR) 10.00 (6.00-25.25) - Cataplexy presence 9/12 - Cataplexy and/or hypocretin deficient (N, %) 12/12 - HLA DQB1*0602 presence (N, %) 12/12 - ESS score (mean, SD) 10.08 (3.00) 2.67 (1.87) < 0.001 MSLT: - Sleep latency (minutes, mean, SD) 4.62 (3.64) - - SOREM periods (mean, SD) 2.58 (1.57) - EDS = excessive daytime sleepiness; HLA = human leukocyte antigen; ESS = Epworth sleepiness scale; IQ = intelligence quotient; IQR = interquartile range; MSLT = multiple sleep latency test; SD = standard deviation; SOREM = sleep-onset rapid eye movement. Main task effect The ‘active sleep resistance > waking rest’ contrast elicited widespread and almost symmetrical significant BOLD activation in regions related to consciousness (brainstem including bilateral locus coeruleus and thalamus), attention (cerebellum, precuneus and thalamus) and wake-related visual cognitive activation (thalamus, occipital, and inferior and middle temporal
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