14 Chapter 1 Figure 1: CBT and DBT-treatment models of binge eating *: Although, in CBT, binge eating may also be maintained by negative affect, the main focus in CBT is on the link between overvaluation, dieting and binge eating. Evidence to date, comparing DBT-BED to a waitlist (e.g. Masson et al., 2013; Telch et al., 2001) and to a psychological placebo-intervention (Safer et al., 2010), supports the idea that DBT can be a valuable asset in the treatment for patients with binge eating. However, only one study directly compared DBT-BED to CBT (Chen et al., 2017). They found no differences in OBE days between treatments at the end of treatment or at follow-up in a combined BN and BED sample. To our knowledge, no study looked at DBT’s relative effectiveness in a BED-only group. Therefore, a direct comparison between CBT and DBT in individuals with BED, would fill the gap in knowledge regarding the effectiveness of DBT-BED. Also, a better understanding of what works for whom could help to better match patients to a specific treatment and thus increase treatment success. Even if two treatments do not differ in treatment outcome overall, subsets of patients, with certain symptom presentations or characteristics, may profit more from one treatment or another. This highlights the importance of identifying baseline variables that interact with treatment type to differentially predict treatment outcome (also known as moderators: Kraemer et al., 2002). To date, only a limited number of BED-studies tested moderators of manualized CBT-outcome relative to other treatments. These treatments include IPT, CBT-guided self-help (CBT-gsh), behavioral weight loss and medication (Grilo et al., 2012; Grilo, Gueorguieva & Pittman, 2021; Grilo, Thompson-Brenner et al., 2021; Linardon, de la Piedad Garcia & Brennan, 2017). Most moderators tested (e.g., demographics, global eating
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