Determinants of recovery: a cross-sectional analysis 93 TABLE 1 Participants’ characteristics TABLE 1 continued N % N % total 187 100% total 187 100% gender male 99 53% diagnosis2 female 88 47% psychotic disorders 106 57% living situation mood disorder 61 33% alone 111 59% personality disorder 58 35% with partner/family 48 26% length of treatment in institution1 28 15% ≤ 5 years 47 25% education level > 5 years 139 74% primary 69 37% missing 1 1% secondary 79 42% number of admissions higher 39 21% None 48 26% native country 1-2 69 37% Dutch 136 72% ≥ 3 70 37% Western immigrant 16 9% length of hospitalization Non-western immigrant 35 19% not hospitalized 48 26% source of income ≤ 1 year 94 50% employment 12 7% > 1 year 45 24% benefit for unemployment, 126 67% M SD invalidity/sickness benefit Age (years) 44.29 10.38 social security benefit 41 22% 1 sheltered living or in hospital no income 6 3% 2one person can have had more than one missing 2 1% diagnosis Correlations Table 2 presents the correlation coefficients of the constituents of illness management, and of degrees of clinical, functional, and personal recovery. Significant correlations are highlighted. The correlation of functional and personal recovery was strong. Clinical recovery had a moderate correlation with functional recovery, and a strong correlation with personal recovery. Functional recovery had a strong correlation with coping, a moderate correlation with social support, a weak negative correlation with medication adherence, and a weak correlation with alcohol and drug use. Personal recovery had a strong correlation with coping, a moderate correlation with social support, and a weak negative correlation with insight and medication adherence. Structural equation modeling In accordance with the paths we hypothesized, our exploration of the effects consisted of three pathways: 1. exploration of the direct pathways between illnessmanagement constituents (coping, social support, psychiatric insight, addiction, treatment adherence) and clinical recovery; 2. exploration of the direct pathways between clinical recovery and functional and personal recovery; and 3. exploration of the indirect pathways that lie, via clinical recovery, between the constituents of illness management and functional and personal recovery.
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