Chapter 7 176 TABLE 1 Participant characteristics. TABLE 1 Continued N % N % Total 165 100% Total 165 100% Sex Diagnosis2 male 86 52% psychotic disorders 97 59% female 79 48% mood disorder 53 32% Living situation personality disorder 51 31% alone 96 58% Length of treatment with partner/family 44 27% ≤ 5 years 37 22% in institution1 25 15% > 5 years 127 78% Education level missing 1 1% primary 61 37% Number of admissions secondary 66 40% none 40 24% higher 38 23% 1-2 61 37% Native country ≥ 3 64 39% Dutch 119 72% Length of hospitalization western immigrant 15 9% not hospitalized 40 24% non-western immigrant 31 19% ≤ 1 year 82 50% Source of income > 1 year 43 26% employment 10 6% Experimental condition benefit for unemployment 113 69% IMR + Care as Usual 104 63% invalidity/sickness benefit, Care as Usual alone 61 37% social security benefit 35 21% M SD no income 5 3% Age (years) 44.66 10.35 missing 2 1% 1 sheltered living or in hospital 2 one person can have had more than one diagnosis Mediation analysis From a multiple mediation analysis, it appeared that the improvement in overall illness self-management indirectly affected the improvement of overall personal recovery through its effect on the improvement of clinical recovery and functional recovery. As shown in Fig 2 and Table 2, clients who improved more in overall illness management improved more in clinical recovery and in functional recovery than those clients who improved less in overall illness management, and clients who improved more in clinical recovery or functional recovery also improved more in personal recovery. Both confidence intervals: of the indirect pathways via improvement of clinical recovery (path a1b1 = 0.48 x 0.26 = 0.13) and of the pathways via improvement of functional recovery (a2b2 = 0.41 x 0.21 = 0.09) were above zero, implying statistical significance. However, it was also shown that improvement in overall illness self-management strongly affected improvement in overall personal recovery independent of its impact on improvement in clinical
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