Effects of IMR: a randomized controlled trial 119 TABLE 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Participants at Baseline. Control IMR Control IMR Group Group Group Group (n=71) (n=116) (n=71) (n=116) Age (years) 43.6 (10.7) 44.7 (10.2) Start of problems Sexe ≤10 years before IMR 28 (39%) 35 (30%) Male 40 (56%) 59 (51%) >10 years before IMR 43 (61%) 81 (70%) Female 31 (44%) 57 (49%) Number of admissions Living situation None 20 (28%) 28 (24%) Living alone 49 (69%) 62 (53%) 1-2 25 (35%) 44 (38%) Living with others 16 (22%) 32 (28%) ≥ 3 26 (37%) 44 (38%) Living in institution* 6 ( 9%) 22 (19%) Length hospitalization Education level Not hospitalized 20 (28%) 28 (24%) Low 27 (38%) 42 (36%) ≤ 1 year 41 (58%) 53 (46%) Middle 33 (46%) 46 (40%) > 1 year 10 (14%) 35 (30%) High 11 (16%) 28 (24%) Native country IMRS Netherlands 46 (65%) 90 (78%) IMRS client version 3.3 (0.5) 3.3 (0.5) Western immigrant 9 (13%) 7 ( 6%) IMRS clinician version 3.2 (0.4) 3.3 (0.4) Non-western immigrant 16 (22%) 19 (16%) IM constituents Source of income MSPSS 4.7 (1.5) 5.0 (1.5) Employment 5 ( 7%) 7 ( 6%) CSES 130.8 (51.0) 137.2 (50.6) Unemployment-, sickness-, 49 (70%) 77 (66%) SES 10.8 (1.9) 10.8 (1.9) or invalidity benefit IS 9.4 (3.4) 9.8 (2.6) Social security benefit 15 (21%) 26 (23%) ASI 0.5 (1.1) 0.5 (1.3) No income 1 (1%) 5 (4%) Recovery-scales Missing 1 (1%) 1 (1%) SFS 104.9 (8.4) 106.0 (8.9) Diagnosis** BSI 1.32 (0.9) 1.23 (0.9) Psychotic disorders Y/N 35 (49%) 71 (61%) MHRM 69.0 (19.04) 70.2 (21.0) Mood disorders Y/N 26 (37%) 35 (30%) SERS-SF 6.9 (24.0) 11.5 (23.6) Personality disorders Y/N 25 (28%) 33 (31%) ISMI 2.2 (0.5) 2.1 (0.5) Data are Mean (SD) or n (%). Y/N= Yes/No. IMRS= Illness Management and Recovery scale. MSPSS= Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. CSES= Coping Self Efficacy Scale. SES= Service Engagement Scale treatment adherence subscale. IS= Insight Scale. ASI= Addiction Severity Index, item 24. BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory. SFS= Social Functioning Scale. MHRM = Mental Health Recovery Measure. SERS-SF= Self-Esteem Rating Scale-Short Form. ISMI= Internal Stigma of Mental Illness. *Sheltered living or in hospital. **One person can have had more than one diagnosis. Secondary Outcomes Compared with the control group, the IMR group showed a statistically significant improvement in self-esteem (a component of personal recovery), measured using the SERS-SF (p= 0.01) (Table 2). There were no effects on illness self-management measured via the clinician version of the IMR scale, on the illness management components of coping, social support, medication adherence, insight, and addiction, or on clinical, functional, and personal recovery measured via the MHRM (a composite measure) and the ISMI (a scale assessing self-stigma) (Table 2). The observed effect on self-esteem did not remain following Benjamini–Hochberg correction.
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