Chapter 1 10 Moreover, during the 1980s and 1990s, the recovery movement arose (7) that originated largely from client advocacy, including some impactful testimonials from experts by experience. The guiding vision then became psychiatric rehabilitation, the goal of which was “to help disabled individuals to develop the emotional, social and intellectual skills needed to live, learn and work in the community with the least amount of professional support” (8). Subsequently, the concept of rehabilitation evolved into recovery. William Anthony defined recovery as “a deeply personal, unique process of changing one’s attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills, and/or roles. It is a way of living a satisfying, hopeful, and contributing life even with limitations caused by the illness. Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one’s life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness. Recovery from mental illness involves much more than recovery from the illness itself”(9). Currently, most mental health services aim to support the individual recovery processes of people with SMI (7). Various treatments are currently available for people with SMI. Often, the treatment includes the use of pharmaceuticals, which facilitate the reduction of symptom severity and relapse. In addition, evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatments are available, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), prolonged exposure therapy (PE), and trauma-focused therapies (10). However, applying these treatments with high fidelity is challenging (11). Additionally, effective psychosocial recovery interventions for participants in illness self-management and recovery are needed. The aim of these interventions is to improve the self-management of symptoms, relapses, and stresses in everyday life to develop hope and optimism for the future and facilitate recovery. In recent years, in the Netherlands, various innovative psychosocial interventions have been implemented to support the recovery of people with SMI, such as the Boston Psychiatric Rehabilitation Approach (12), Wellness Recovery Action Plan (WRAP) (13), cognitive adaptation training (CAT) (14), the active recovery triad model (ART) (15), peer-supported open dialogue (POD) (16), and resource groups (17). Drastic deinstitutionalization in the US evoked need for community care Originally, mental health care in most countries consisted primarily of inpatient care in psychiatric hospitals. In the United States, most state hospitals were founded in the mid-19th century, mainly providing custodial care (18). Around 1955, deinstitutionalization began, prompted by new medications and federal policies. Deinstitutionalization in mental health care refers to the process of
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