60 Chapter 2 Table A14. Income gradients in severity at baseline assessment, treatment intensity, functional improvement, and additional treatment record: controlling for a proxy of addiction Disease severity at baseline assessment (1) Treatment minutes (2) Functional improvement (3) Additional treatment record (4) Unadjusted mean (SD) 1st quintile 5.545 (1.018) 6.775 (1.068) 0.258 (0.437) 0.357 (0.479) Adjusted mean differences (95% CI) 2nd quintile 0.139 0.026 0.058 -0.013 (0.133, 0.144) (0.021, 0.032) (0.056, 0.061) (-0.016, -0.010) 3rd quintile 0.207 0.030 0.100 -0.022 (0.202, 0.213) (0.024, 0.036) (0.097, 0.102) (-0.025, -0.019) 4th quintile 0.266 0.028 0.133 -0.030 (0.260, 0.272) (0.022, 0.034) (0.130, 0.136) (-0.033, -0.027) 5th quintile (Highest) 0.345 0.020 0.169 -0.030 (0.339, 0.351) (0.013, 0.026) (0.166, 0.172) (-0.033, -0.027) Covariates Yes Yes Yes Yes DSM-IV diagnosis Yes Yes Yes Yes Initial GAF n.a. Yes Yes Yes Treatment minutes n.a. n.a. Yes Yes Addiction proxy Yes Yes Yes Yes R2 0.183 0.128 0.133 0.138 Notes: The adjusted mean differences correspond to the coefficients from OLS regressions, estimated using robust standard errors in the whole population (N=951,530). Covariates include gender, age, migration background, 2-digit address postcode and the year and month of record opening. The DSM-IV diagnosis includes dummies for each diagnosis category at the DSM-IV 3rd level and binary indicators for having either 2 or 3 or more concurrent diagnoses. Initial GAF (dummies for each category) and Treatment minutes in the first column concern the inclusion of these measures as controls for the subsequent outcomes models. Each GAF category corresponds to a 10-point interval in GAF score (e.g. GAF category 1 corresponds to 1-10 points, 2 to 11-20, …, 10 to 91-100). Addiction is accounted for by a binary indicator that takes the value 1 if there is any diagnosis of substance use disorder recorded – primary or secondary (9% of all patients). n.a. – non-applicable, GAF – Global Assessment of Functioning score; SD – standard deviation; CI – confidence interval.
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