34 Chapter 2 Table 2. Income gradients in severity at baseline assessment, treatment intensity, functional improvement, and additional treatment record Disease severity at baseline assessment (GAF category) Treatment minutes (natural logarithm) Functional improvement (GAF increase) Additional treatment record (following 90 days) Demographic controls (1) Full adjustment (2) Demographic controls (3) Full adjustment (4) Demographic controls (5) Full adjustment (6) Demographic controls (7) Full adjustment (8) Unadjusted mean (SD) 1st quintile 5.545 (1.018) 6.775 (1.068) 0.258 (0.437) 0.357 (0.479) Adjusted mean differences (95% CI) 2nd quintile 0.208 (0.202, 0.213) 0.143 (0.138, 0.149) -0.041 (-0.046, -0.035) 0.025 (0.020, 0.031) 0.072 (0.069, 0.074) 0.060 (0.058, 0.063) -0.033 (-0.036, -0.030) -0.013 (-0.015, -0.010) 3rd quintile 0.304 (0.298, 0.310) 0.213 (0.208, 0.219) -0.063 (-0.069, -0.057) 0.028 (0.022, 0.034) 0.116 (0.114, 0.119) 0.103 (0.100, 0.105) -0.050 (-0.053, -0.047) -0.022 (-0.024, -0.019) 4th quintile 0.382 (0.376, 0.388) 0.273 (0.268, 0.279) -0.085 (-0.092, -0.079) 0.026 (0.020, 0.032) 0.151 (0.148, 0.154) 0.136 (0.133, 0.139) -0.064 (-0.067, -0.061) -0.029 (-0.032, -0.026) 5th quintile (highest) 0.478 (0.471, 0.484) 0.353 (0.347, 0.360) -0.122 (-0.128, -0.115) 0.018 (0.011, 0.024) 0.187 (0.184, 0.190) 0.173 (0.170, 0.176) -0.073 (-0.076, -0.070) -0.030 (-0.033, -0.027) Covariates Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes DSM-IV diagnosis No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Initial GAF n.a. n.a. No Yes No Yes No Yes Treatment minutes n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. No Yes No Yes R2 0.096 0.181 0.049 0.128 0.066 0.130 0.027 0.138 Notes: The adjusted mean differences correspond to the coefficients from ordinary least squares regressions, estimated using robust standard errors in the whole population (N=951,530). Covariates include gender, age, migration background, 2-digit address postcode and the year and month of record opening. The DSM-IV diagnosis include 97 dummies for diagnosis categories at the DSM-IV 3rd level and binary indicators for having either 2 or 3 or more concurrent diagnoses. Initial GAF (dummies for each category) and Treatment minutes in the first column concern the inclusion of these measures as controls for the subsequent outcomes models. Each GAF category corresponds to a 10-point interval in GAF score (e.g. GAF category 1 corresponds to 1-10 points, 2 to 11-20, …, 10 to 91-100). The mean of the untransformed variable treatment minutes for the lowest income quintile equals 1,490 minutes. GAF=Global Assessment of Functioning. n.a. = non-applicable.
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