117 The effects of supported housing for individuals with mental disorders Table 2. First-stage coefficients of residualised leniency for the entire population and by subgroup. (continued) Full population (main) (1) Reverse-sample (2) Relative likelihood§ (3) N (4) coef.* (se) coef.** (se) Other diagnosis 0.824 (0.147) 0.556 (0.139) 0.84 871 No diagnosis 1.175 (0.145) 0.656 (0.113) 1.20 1,350 Low intensity sup. housing 0.866 (0.124) 0.650 (0.147) 0.88 659 Intermediate intensity sup. housing 1.075 (0.078) 0.708 (0.097) 1.09 3,684 Intermediate-high intensity sup. housing 0.862 (0.081) 0.569 (0.094) 0.88 2,076 High intensity sup. housing 0.931 (0.099) 0.666 (0.114) 0.95 1,534 Application by long-term care provider 1.002 (0.056) 0.060 (0.061) 1.02 6,315 Application by social care worker 0.909 (0.113) 0.665 (0.106) 0.92 1,084 Other applicant ¶ 0.885 (0.252) 0.133 (0.259) 0.90 554 Regular application 0.975 (0.050) -0.21 (0.071) 0.99 7,671 Eligible for long-term care last month 0.949 (0.074) 0.694 (0.100) 0.97 2,708 Notes: *All first-stage coefficients p<0.001.**All first-stage coefficients p<0.001, except those of applications done by long-term care providers and by others. § Relative likelihood is obtained by dividing subgroup-specific first stage coefficients in column 1 by the full-population 0.978. # Except for supported housing ¶ Including the candidate herself. All regressions include the main specification controls, described in section Empirical implementation. Empirical implementation We study five sets of outcomes: (a) care use: supported housing, home care and mental health care; (b) expenditures: both long-term care expenditure (supported housing, home care and institutional care) and health care expenditure (mental health care – including outpatient and inpatient separately, and other medical health care), which are summed in total care expenditure; (c) all-cause mortality; (d) employment and income: having a paid job, the amount of income from work, and total personal income10 (e) spill-over effects on the parents: mental health care use, having a paid job, income from work and total personal income. Parental outcomes are studied for the subpopulation for whom information about parents is available. Outcomes are studied in the calendar year after the application (all outcomes) and in the fourth calendar year after the application (mortality, employment, income, and parental outcomes)11. We include application-related and individual-related controls in the 2SLS regression. The application-related controls are indicators for the regional office, type of assessment 10 Income and health care expenditures are expressed in prices of 2015 using a Consumer Price Index (CBS 2020). 11 Expenditures are only studied in the short-term due to changes in the data available after the reform of 2015, which shifted funding and organization of supported housing and home care to the municipality level. 4
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