109 The effects of supported housing for individuals with mental disorders in the last 365 days (27.0%) and applications of assessors below the minimum threshold of 30 applications (17.8%). The impact of the latter two exclusions in our results was assessed in robustness analyses. After exclusions we obtain 12,767 applications done between 2009 and 2013, who were assigned to 198 assessors. These applications are used to construct the leniency instrument. The instrumental variable estimation is performed on a smaller population of 7,953 applications done between 2011 and 2013 and corresponding to 187 assessors (from here onwards referred to as the study population). Applications from 2009 to 2010 are not included in the estimation due to limitations in the administrative data available for several outcomes and control variables of interest6. Descriptive statistics Most applications in our study population are from men (71%) and about 28% comes from first- or second- generation migrants (Table 1). Mean age at the time of the application was and 38 years and most individuals lived alone (46%), in an institution (20%), or with their parents (both parents 15%, single parent 8%). Twenty-five percent had a paid job in the prior calendar year, and the average total personal income was 12,413 euros, which is in the third income decile for the entire population [31]. The most common mental disorder diagnoses are substance use disorders (24%), psychotic disorders (19%) or disorders diagnosed during childhood (13%)7. Applications were most often submitted by long-term care providers (79%) and judged through an extended assessment procedure (76%). Thirty-four percent of the applications were already eligible for another type of long-term care in the month prior to application. The vast majority of applications (95%) were made by individuals who applied to supported housing only once during the study period, and 86% were granted eligibility for supported housing. About 8 % of the applications were granted eligibility for home care, which mostly consisted of individual guidance and/or group guidance; 6% were not granted eligibility for any (long-term) care; and fewer than 1% were assessed as eligible to institutional care (elderly nursing homes, institution for the disabled or inpatient mental health facilities). 6 The instrument is estimated based on data coming solely from the CIZ dataset of all long-term applications, available from 2009 to 2013. In the remaining administrative datasets several outcomes and controls of interest could not be measured for 2009 and 2010, namely the actual use of supported housing (2009 and 2010), and mental health diagnosis and health care expenditures in the year ahead of the application (2009). 7 Diagnoses during childhood most commonly refer to pervasive and specific developmental disorders such as autistic disorders, Asperger´s disorder, behavioral and emotional disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and conduct disorders. 18% of the applications had no prior interaction with a psychiatrist so there was no information about the mental health disorder diagnosis. 4
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