201 Summary of the facilitator, and preconditions for MCD. We used multilevel quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis of open items. Prison staff showed overall positive scores and experienced MCD sessions as meaningful. The following steps of the dilemma method were experienced as particularly valuable: exchange of perspectives, brainstorming on alternatives, and joint exploration of concrete conclusions for practice. Facilitators sometimes gave more critical scores than participants, although most scores were still positive. All persons involved mentioned how the dialogical skills of prison staff could be improved, e.g., listening better to each other and asking open, judgment-free questions. Some experiences with MCD, and therefore evaluative scores, seemed to be influenced by organizational circumstances, such as planning issues concerning the MCD sessions or an experienced high workload of staff. Additional analyses, comparing overall scores of the first, middle and last MCD sessions, showed how during a series of MCD sessions the evaluations scores remained mostly stable. Although MCD sessions in the middle of the series were evaluated with slightly lower scores than first and last sessions, they were still positive. The overall positive evaluations show that MCD can be a fruitful instrument for the ethics support of prison staff, to facilitate them in their moral reflections and to help them in dealing with their self-experienced moral dilemmas. Meaning and measurement of moral craftsmanship The concept of moral craftsmanship (MCS) was introduced in the prison context by DCIA (DCIA, 2016). No instruments were available yet that helped to describe and measure MCS. We saw a strong connection to the construct of ‘craftsmanship’ of Sennett (2009) and the ideas on ‘normative professionalism’ of Kunneman (2012, 2015; Van Ewijk & Kunneman, 2013). In Chapter 4, inspired by their ideas, we defined the concept of MCS as: Moral craftsmanship: the development of an open and reflexive attitude toward what it means to act good in complex situations, and the ability and skills to put this into practice. Moral judgments and actions are always considered in relation to other stakeholders, one’s own profession, the organization, and society as a whole. A moral craftsman acknowledges the moral uncertainty and the different perspectives inherently present in practice and is committed to dealing with it in a constructive and responsible manner. We identified conceptual elements involved in MCS, at three levels. First, individual elements concerning a) cognition, with the elements of moral awareness, moral reasoning, and moral judgment; b) attitude, with moral motivation and courage, moral sensitivity and tolerance, and moral responsibility and accountability; and c) action,
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