51 Review of social network intervention studies 2 Outcome (sub)categoriesⴕ Studies (s) Effect sizes (k) Mean d (SE) 95% CI t statistic p value Variance level 2 Variance level 3 Psychiatric symptoms 8 24 -0.022 (0.077) -0.180–0.137 -0.281 0.781 0.000 0.035** Depressive symptoms 12 30 0.083 (0.068) -0.056–0.223 1.223 0.231 0.000 0.025* Internalizing symptoms 4 7 0.092 (0.093) -0.136–0.320 0.987 0.362 0.000 0.000 Suicidality 3 12 -0.088 (0.210) -0.552–0.375 -0.420 0.682 0.133*** 0.083 Other 5 7 -0.030 (0.096) -0.264–0.204 -0.316 0.763 0.000 0.000 Psychological functioning 16 59 0.029 (0.063) -0.098–0.156 0.458 0.649 0.000 0.039*** Quality of life 9 14 -0.008 (0.092) -0.207–0.190 -0.091 0.929 0.000 0.028 Well-being 4 11 -0.102 (0.155) -0.447–0.243 -0.657 0.526 0.000 0.068* Self-esteem 6 15 -0.001 (0.094) -0.203–0.201 -0.012 0.991 0.000 0.030* Other 3 19 0.174 (0.050) 0.069–0.280 3.471 0.003** 0.000 0.001 Substance use 9 120 0.104 (0.094) -0.083–0.291 1.101 0.273 0.000 0.050*** Substance use 8 40 0.139 (0.128) -0.119–0.398 1.089 0.283 0.002 0.089*** Days substance use 4 32 0.097 (0.032) 0.033–0.162 3.086 0.004** 0.000 0.000 Abstinence 3 31 0.254 (0.082) 0.087–0.422 3.098 0.004** 0.005 0.014* Alcohol problems 1 5 NA NA NA NA NA NA Drug problems 2 9 NA NA NA NA NA NA Readiness to change 1 3 NA NA NA NA NA NA Criminal behavior 6 28 0.126 (0.109) -0.098–0.349 1.153 0.259 0.002 0.046*** Criminal offenses 5 7 0.160 (0.167) -0.249–0.569 0.955 0.377 0.017 0.081 Convictions 4 6 0.183 (0.174) -0.264–0.631 1.055 0.340 0.000 0.087 Reincarceration 3 4 0.170 (0095) -0.133–0.472 1.787 0.172 0.000 0.006 Other 6 11 0.136 (0.086) -0.056–0.328 1.584 0.144 0.007 0.010 Note: s = number of independent studies. k = number of effect sizes. Mean d = Cohen’s d mean effect size. SE = standard error. CI = confidence interval. Variance level 2 = variance between effect sizes within studies. Variance level 3 = variance between studies. NA = not applicable. *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. ⴕOutcome (sub)categories are specified in Appendix A, Table 2.
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