38 Chapter 2 Table 1. Characteristics of included studies. Study Country Sample (N) Age (range) Males (%) Main diagnostic group (%) Setting Study design Risk of bias Ali et al. (2021) UK 16 42 (NA) 7 (44%) intellectual disability (100%) outpatient RCT high Alvarez-Jimenez et al. (2021) Australia 126 21 (16-27) 67 (53%) schizophrenia and psychotic spectrum disorders (100%) outpatient RCT low Chinman et al. (2001) USA 158 39 (19-70) 76 (48%) schizophrenia and psychotic spectrum disorders (44%) outpatient QE high Craig et al. (2004) UK 44 38 (NA) 49 (67%) schizophrenia and psychotic spectrum disorders (100%) outpatient RCT some concerns Davidson et al. (2004) USA 165 42 (NA) 71 (43%) schizophrenia and psychotic spectrum disorders (50%) outpatient RCT some concerns Day et al. (2018) UK 47 37 (25-61) 41 (87%) substance use disorders (100%) outpatient RCT some concerns Duwe (2018b) USA 62 38 (NA) 62 (100%) sexual disruptive behavior (100%) outpatient RCT some concerns El-Bassel et al. (1995) USA 101 33 (18-55) 0 (0%) substance use disorders (100%) inpatient RCT high Gater et al. (2010) UK 65 42 (16-65) 0 (0%) depressive and anxiety disorders (100%) outpatient RCT some concerns Hanlon et al. (1999) USA 387 31 (NA) 302 (78%) substance use disorders (100%) outpatient RCT high Harris et al. (1999) UK 86 NA (25-40) 0 (0%) depressive disorders (100%) outpatient RCT high
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