36 Chapter 2 Data characteristics The main characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. From the 33 studies, 553 effect sizes (k) were calculated. Effect sizes of approximately 19 outcomes of the included studies could not be calculated as the required information could not be obtained from the authors. Outcomes were assessed at post-test (s = 32, k = 258), immediately or shortly after completion of the intervention, ranging from 1 to 24 months after baseline (M = 7.4, SD = 5.3). Eight studies (k = 44) conducted intermediate assessments, ranging from6 weeks to 6months after baseline (M = 4.5, SD = 1.4). Follow-up assessments were conducted in 15 studies (k = 251), ranging from 2 months to approximately 12 years after post-test (M = 12.8, SD = 13.7). Results were obtained from self-report instruments (82%, k = 452), medical or official records (10%, k = 53), professional reports (5%, k = 28), or a combination of measurement types (4%, k = 20). Several types of social network interventions were examined. Most interventions could be categorized as befrie ding and other volunteer linking interventions (Ali et al., 2021; Craig, Doherty, Jamieson-Craig, Boocock, & Attafua, 2004; Davidson et al., 2004; Duwe, 2013, 2018b; Harris, Brown, & Robinson, 1999; Klein, Cnaan, &Whitecraft, 1998; Leigh, Hodgins, Milne, & Gerrish, 1999; McCorkle, Rogers, Dunn, Lyass, & Wan, 2008; Priebe et al., 2020; Ranzenhofer et al., 2020; Sheridan et al., 2015; Simpson et al., 2014; Sledge et al., 2011; Stahler, Kirby, & Kerwin, 2007; van Wel, Kleijzen, Franse, & Rusting, 2013), or social skills training and formal social network interventions (Day et al., 2018; el-Bassel et al., 1995; Litt, Kadden, Kabela-Cormier, & Petry, 2007; Litt, Kadden, Kabela-Cormier, & Petry, 2009; Litt, Kadden, Tennen, & Kabela-Cormier, 2016; Pettus-Davis, 2011; Watson et al., 2017). Furthermore, other interventions consisted of integrated, community-based social network interventions (Chinman, Weingarten, Stayner, & Davidson, 2001; Gater et al., 2010; Hanlon, Nurco, Bateman, & O'Grady, 1999; Hengartner et al., 2016; Lloyd-Evans et al., 2020; Rivera, Sullivan, & Valenti, 2007; Terzian et al., 2013; Villemoes, Aagaard, Væggemose, & Søgaard, 2018), natural support enhancement interventions (King et al., 2006, 2009, 2019), and a combination of beforementioned interventions (Alvarez‐Jimenez et al., 2021; Rowe et al., 2007). Of the studies, 19 involved informal social network interventions working with volunteers (s = 11) and peer supporters (s = 8) or personal network members (s = 1). Nine involved formal interventions within a clinical facility, consisting of professional caregivers, and five interventions consisted of a combination of caregivers (s = 3), semi-professionals (s = 1), or paid volunteers (s = 1). Additional characteristics of the interventions are presented in Table 2.
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