13 General introduction 1 used model in clinical practice for the assessment of risk factors related to criminal offending and the implementation of treatment (Andrews & Bonta, 2010; Andrews, Bonta, & Hoge, 1990a). Previous research demonstrated that treatment programs adhering to the RNRmodel aremost effective, which implies that (1) the treatment intensity is matched to the individuals’ risk of criminal recidivism (i.e., risk principle), (2) the criminogenic needs are assessed and addressed in treatment (i.e., need principle), and (3) the individuals’ ability to learn from treatment is maximized by tailoring the intervention to an individuals’ motivation, abilities, and strengths (i.e., responsivity principle) (Andrews & Bonta, 2010; Andrews et al., 1990a). The good lives model (GLM), a strength-based rehabilitation approach, is proposed as a complement to the RNR model (Barnao, 2022; Nicholls et al., 2022; Ward & Brown, 2004). The GLM model emphasizes the promotion of a meaningful life by providing patients with tools, both skills and resources, they need to attain personal goals related to wellbeing and criminal behavior – primary goods – in a socially acceptable way (Barnao, Ward, & Robertson, 2016). In clinical practice, patients’ personal goals should be explored to understand what motivates them to commit crimes and to determine what tools are needed to achieve these goals without harming others (Barnao, 2022). A focus on patients’ meaningful personal goals and strengths in addition to managing their risks in treatment, potentially enhances treatment motivation and adherence of forensic patients, resulting in enhanced wellbeing and a reduced risk of criminal recidivism (Barnao, 2022; Willis & Ward, 2013). The story of Johan presented below illustrates the multiple socioeconomic, criminogenic, and mental health needs that are often addressed in forensic psychiatric outpatient care. Furthermore, the story highlights several challenges that Johan experienced during treatment. Johan (41 years) identifies himself as a male from Amsterdam because he lived there his entire life, except for the months and years spent in institutions and prisons. Between his 12th and 18th year, he was transferred from home to a closed facility and stayed in juvenile detention. He has been going in and out prison since the age of 16. For the last 1.5 years, Johan received mandatory treatment at an outpatient care facility in Amsterdam. In the first 6 months, he only occasionally showed up for appointments. He had spoken with many psychologists and psychiatrists in the past and didn’t feel like any of the conversations had helped him. He remembers being told that he has an antisocial personality disorder, a traumatized childhood, and problems with substance use. He didn’t want to repeat his
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