47 Realist review | 2 Appendix E Inclusion criteria in-depth literature search • Only primary research papers (quantitative/qualitative/mixed methods) were included. Excluded were: Perspectives Reviews Theoretical pieces Dissertations Books Book reviews Editorials • The study needed to have a primary focus on (e-)portfolio use. Studies that used (e-)portfolios as data source for other research aims were excluded, e.g. studies that assessed quality of reflection via portfolio entries. Studies that evaluated multiple elements of a curriculum, of which the (e-)portfolio was one component, were excluded. • The study needed to focus on Self-Regulated Learning/Self-Directed Learning. If the study focused on constructs that are part of SRL/SDL, e.g. reflection, goal setting, it was also included. • The study needed to concern clinical workplace learning, e.g. rotations or postgraduate trainings. Formal education/training was required; meaning no self-study, (short) courses, etc. Continuing Professional Development was excluded. Combinations between clinical training and classroom education were included. Education/training that focused on topics that are not essential for medical training, e.g. teaching, were excluded. Simulation learning was excluded. • The study needed to be conducted within the field of medical education. • The study needed to focus on the effects for the learner (students/trainees). Faculty development was excluded. • Papers in languages other than English, Dutch, French or German were excluded. • Papers used for the programme theory were excluded.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjY0ODMw