37 Realist review | 2 Goal orientation theory can also explain a detrimental effect of portfolio assessment on the support of portfolio use for SRL.49 Although, there are multiple versions of this theory, in general two classes of goal orientation are distinguished: a learning/mastery orientation (aims to increase competence) and a performance orientation (aims to gain favourable judgements of competence or avoid negative judgements of competence). It is conceivable that portfolio assessment can provoke a performance orientation in learners. This might limit SRL, as studies have shown that a performance orientation is negatively related to goal setting, feedback processes and metacognition.49 However, there is a SRL construct that seems to moderate this relationship: self-efficacy (the belief that one can complete a task successfully). For those with a high level of self-efficacy the initial approach of a task did not differ, regardless of goal orientation.49 Consequently, self-efficacy might be a construct of interest within portfolio research, because of its connection with motivation. To attain knowledge about the importance of motivation and self-efficacy for portfolio use, it is important that researchers delve more deeply into SRL. During our analysis, we noticed that most papers failed to define and/or operationalise the SRL outcomes included in their studies.31-34,36,38,39,41-46 This is troublesome, as SRL and its related constructs are complex and encompass a variety of ideas and practices.50 As long as we fail to explicate the SRL outcomes that we include in portfolio research, it will be impossible to attain a common understanding of what portfolio use can (not) achieve for the support of SRL. Given the different gaps in the scientific knowledge base, it is still too early to consider practical implications. However, our results indicate that allotted time and opportunity for portfolio use during clinical WPL are important. Further research, in which (motivational) theory is adequately incorporated, is necessary to formulate clear recommendations with regard to portfolio use for the support of SRL. Implications for future research First, it is important that future research provides adequate definitions and operationalisations of SRL. Second, research should move beyond the evaluation of portfolio implementations and empirically study the relationship between portfolio use and SRL. Specifically, in-depth qualitative approaches (e.g. observations or focus groups) would be interesting, as insight into individual experiences can help to explore the role of motivation and self-efficacy as potential drivers for portfolio use in relation to SRL outcomes.
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