145 Discussion | 7 attention for motivation and emotion can help to explain why SRL is (not) taking place during portfolio use. In addition to concerns regarding the use of SRL (constructs), the realist review also shed light on several design and methodological shortcomings of portfolio studies. During the inclusion process it became clear that when searching for publications on portfolio use for the support of SRL, one will find an abundance of descriptive papers that often lack theoretical substantiation and/or a clear evidence base.e.g. 40-56 Furthermore, the empirical studies that have been performed show little variation, as most of them are evaluations of portfolios by use of (quantitative) surveys. Finally, the rigour evaluation showed that the quality of these papers is limited, as only four out of sixteen papers passed the rigour criteria. The abovementioned concerns result in an overfocus on the (experienced) presence of metacognitive learning activities during portfolio use. Meanwhile, the processes that can explain (a lack of ) metacognitive learning activities during portfolio are limitedly researched. This is troublesome, because when aiming to support SRL it is not enough to know if SRL is taking place, instead it is important to also know when SRL is taking place. Strengths and limitations of this thesis As stated above, portfolio research has mainly focused on other purposes of portfolio use than SRL. When SRL (constructs) were included, this was mostly done in addition to other portfolio purposes. Therefore, it is of value that the studies of this thesis have focused solely on the support of SRL. Furthermore, the studies have not only established whether SRL was taking place, but also focused on the ways inwhich and under what circumstances portfolio use can contribute to SRL. In order to do so, research designs and methods not commonly used within the research field were selected for the studies in this thesis. As a result of these choices, the understanding of the relevant contextual factors and working mechanisms of portfolio use for the support of SRL has expanded. While the intention has been to bring the entire SRL concept into view, it appeared difficult to move past the broad SRL constructs that are commonly used within portfolio research. While the studies in this thesis have paid attention to the importance of motivation, there are other important SRL constructs that still received limited attention, e.g. self-efficacy. Furthermore, it is important to remark that also the studies of this thesis should have been more precise concerning the definition of SRL constructs. The studies in this thesis underlined the importance of contextual factors during portfolio use. An important contextual factor that was identified during the focus group study (Chapter 4), was the close and long lasting relationship between trainee and supervisor that is typical for GP specialty training. Furthermore, tensions between portfolio purposes were another important factor explaining the results of the studies of this thesis.
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