Vascular risk factors for depression and apathy | Part 1 70 Interaction between vascular disease and neuroticism in men In men the best fitting model included interaction factors of neuroticism by vascular disease level (Chi-square 9.3, p<0.05; Nagelkerke R2: 0.28). As shown in figure 1 and table 3, in men when vascular disease was present, neuroticism was less predictive of CRDS (neuroticism by cardiac disease: OR: 0.8, 95%-CI: 0.6-0.9; neuroticism by stroke: OR: 0.8, 95%-CI: 0.6-0.96). Leaving out outliers or influential cases, changing the cut-off of the CES-D to 17 or performing a multivariate linear regression on depressive symptoms all gave similar results. Figure 1. Negative interaction between cardiac disease and neuroticism in the prediction of depression in men Discussion The results of this study show that gender influences the interaction between vascular disease and neuroticism in late-life CRDS. In men the presence of vascular disease seemed to reduce the association between neuroticism and CRDS. In women a main effect of neuroticism was present, but neither a main effect of vascular disease, nor an interaction effect between vascular disease and neuroticism was seen. Gender differences As expected, the level of neuroticism was higher in women compared to men and the prevalence of vascular disease was higher in men compared to women. The significant Neuroticism Cardiac disease Low Medium High % depressed (CES-D ≥16) No Yes 50 40 30 20 10 0
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