Vascular risk factors for depression and apathy | Part II 112 Table 2. Studies using Magnetic Resonance Imaging or Diffusion Tensor imaging Author Year Population Study design Number of participants MRI† DTI‡ Proxy for subclinical small vessel disease Apathy instrument Results Quality Yao et al., 2009 General population Cross-sectional 222 MRI† Silent infarction Deep WMH§ Apathy scale WMH§: odds ratio 1.826 (1.129-2.953) for apathy per grade WMH§; p=0.014 High (10/16) Cacciari et al., 2010 MCI¶ patient Cross-sectional 20 DTI‡ Mean diffusivity of white matter (20 pixels) Italian dementia apathy interview and rating Mean diffusivity of white matter is associated with apathy 4 areas Not high (6/16) Naka-mura et al, 2013 (55) MCI¶ patients Cross-sectional 516 MRI† vascularMCI¶ : ≥5 lacunar infarcts and white matter lesions Clinical assessment of spontaneity vascularMCI¶ was associated with apathy, more strongly than other MCI¶ Not high (8/16) Za-hodne et al, 2013 MCI¶ patients Longitudinal 334 MRI† Cortical thickness Neuropsychiatric Inventory apathy scale Entorhinal cortex: rate of change: 0.001 (0.001) Orbitofrontal cortex: rate of change:-6e-4 (0.001) Middle frontal gyrus: rate of change: 14.5e-4(0.001) Anterior cingulate cortex: rate of change:-0.002 (0.001); p<0.1; model corrected for depression: p=0.025 High (7/9) Grool et al, 2014 General population Cross-sectional 4354 MRI† WMH§ (total and region) Total brain volume GDS-3A†† Total WMH§ volume: 1.07 (1.02-1.13); p=0.008 (model 2) High (11/16) Dono-van et al, 2014 General population Cross-sectional and (partly) longitudinal 812 MRI† Cortical thickness Neuropsychiatric inventory apathy scale Bilateral average cortical thickness and apathy over time; beta 0.35 (0.29-0.41); p<0.0001 High (11/16)
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