Part II | Vascular risk factors for depression and apathy 107 6 Results The results of the search strategy are shown in the flow chart depicted in Figure 1. No relevant studies published before 1990 were found. Of the 14 studies included in the review, one study reported on both peripheral proxies as well as direct measures of SSVD 30, four studies on peripheral proxies of SSVD only 9 29 43 44, and finally nine studies on direct measures of SSVD only 31 32 45 46 47 48 49 50 51. SSVD and apathy In Table 1 the five studies that used peripheral proxies for SSVD are listed and details and results described. A meta-analysis of the results was not possible, because the research designs, SSVD proxies, and methods of ascertaining apathy that had been used differed too widely. Table 1. Studies with peripheral proxies for Subclinical small vessel disease Author year Population Study design Number of participants Proxy for subclinical small vessel disease Apathy instrument Results Quality Van der Mast et al., 2008 General population, >85 years, Longitudinal, 500 CVP† GDS-3A‡ Mean number of CVP†: apathy 1.04 (0.11) versus no apathy 0.77 (0.05); p=0.02 CVP† and increase in apathy : 0.05 (0.02); p=0.007 High (9/9) Yao et al., 2009 General population, Cross-sectional, 222 Diastolic blood pressure Apathy scale Diastolic blood pressure: OR§ 1.055 (1.014-1.098); p=0.009 High (10/16) Suga-wara et al., 2011 General population, Cross-sectional, 860 ABI¶ Apathy scale ABI¶: beta-0.071 (t value-2.039); p<0.05 Systolic blood pressure: beta-0.056 (t value -1.420); p=0.156 High (6/9) Ligthart et al., 2012 General population, Cross-sectional, 3534 Cerebrovascular risk factors GDS-3A‡ CVP† and apathy 1.28 (1.09-1.52); p=0.004 Systolic blood pressure is associated with apathy High (12/16) Van Sloten et al., 2016 General population, Cross-sectional, 2058 Arterial stiffness GDS-3A‡ Arterial stiffness: OR§ 1.07 (0.96-1.19) High (11/16) Legend: † CVP: cardiovascular pathologies; ‡ GDS-3A: three apathy items of the geriatric depression scale; § OR: odds ratio; ¶ABI: ankle brachial index. High quality: ≥60% of the maximum score.
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