134 CHAPTER 7 Appendix 1. Continued. Section and Topic Item # Checklist item Location where item is reported RESULTS Study selection 16a Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram. 3.1 studies selection, figure 1 16b Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded, and explain why they were excluded. Figure 1; Appendix 2: supplement 2 Study characteristics 17 Cite each included study and present its characteristics. 3.2 characteristics of the studies; table 1 Risk of bias in studies 18 Present assessments of risk of bias for each included study. 3.3 risk of bias; Appendix 2: figure S1 Results of individual studies 19 For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an effect estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots. 3.4; 3.5; 3.6; 3.7; 3.8; 3.9. Figure 2; figure 3; figure 4; table 2; Appendix 2: table S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. Results of syntheses 20a For each synthesis, briefly summarise the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies. 3.3 risk of bias; Appendix 2: figure S1 and S2 20b Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If metaanalysis was done, present for each the summary estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect. 3.4; 3.5; 3.6; 3.7; 3.8; 3.9. Figure 2; figure 3; figure 4; table 2; Appendix 2: table S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. 20c Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results. n.a. 20d Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesised results. n.a. Reporting biases 21 Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis assessed. n.a. Certainty of evidence 22 Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed. 3.4; 3.5; 3.6; 3.7; 3.8; 3.9.
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