98 CHAPTER 6 and 12-months of follow-up, respectively. Considering those with an extremely low protein intake (< 0.6 g/kg/d), these percentages were 14%, 9% and 10%. 6.3.3 Feeding routes and dietary supplementation During the first seven days of ICU-admission, EN/PN was the most commonly adopted feeding strategy. Out of 81 patients, 30% received any form of feeding on the first day of ICU-admission, which increased to 75% from day two onwards. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was administered to 11 patients during ICU-stay. Average daily protein intake significantly differed depending on the feeding strategy (of that specific day) in the first seven days of ICU-admission (p<0.001, Figure 2). Post-hoc testing indicated lower daily protein intake when receiving OD (0.3 g/kg/d [0.2-0.6]) compared to EN/PN (0.6 g/kg/d [0.2-1.0], p<0.001), and EN/PN + OD feeding strategies (0.9 g/kg/ [0.5-1.2], p<0.001, resp.). When comparing EN/PN with EN/PN + OD, protein intake over the first seven days was significantly lower in the former (p=0.002). Table 2. Baseline characteristics Baseline characteristics Total N = 81 Age, years 69 [60-76] Sex, female 26 (32) BMI, kg/m2 27 [24-31] Phase angle, 5.4 [4.3-6.4] Admission type Medical 45 (56) Acute surgical 18 (22) Elective surgical 18 (22) APACHE III score 76 [57-99] CFS, 1-9 3 [2-4] Non-frail at admission 50 (62) Pre-frail at admission 23 (28) Length of stay, days ICU 5 [4-11] Hospital 15 [9-25] Mechanical ventilation, days 3 [1-6] Renal replacement therapy in ICU 13 (16) Data are presented as median [IQR] or n (%). Abbreviations: APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; BMI, body mass index; CFS, clinical frailty scale; ICU, intensive care unit
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