80 Does smartphone-assisted student feedback affect the quality of teachers’ teaching? Table 4.2 Multilevel models Null model Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Fixed Effect Model estimates (standard error) Intercept (Y00) 2.953* (0.055) 2.934* (0.058) 2.819* (0.060) 2.930* (0.054) 2.819* (0.060) Date-Centred (Y10) 0.0003 (0.0003) 0.007* (0.001) 0.000* (0.000) 0.007* (0.001) Date-Centred2 (Y01) -0.000052* (0.000008) -0.000* (0.000) Random Part Variance component (standard error) Intercept (τ00) 0.076* (0.022) 0.076* (0.022) 0.076* (0.022) 0.064* (0.020) 0.076* (0.022) Residual (ơ2) 0.026* (0.003) 0.026* (0.003) 0.020* (0.002) 0.025* (0.003) 0.020* (0.002) Slope (τ11) 0.000a (0.000) 0.000a (0.000) Covariance (τ01) 1.000a (0.000) -1.000a (0.000) Model summary Deviance statistic -66.409 -53.119 -68.991 -56.003 -68.991 # of parameters 3 4 5 6 7 *p < 0.01 a This covariance parameter is redundant. The statistic and confidence interval cannot be computed.
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