78 Ethnic sorting in football in the next section. I will break down this relationship into three distinct mechanisms that each connect one specific aspect of ethnic heterogeneity to member dropout. Based on these three mechanisms, a set of hypotheses is formulated. This is then followed up by a section on this study’s research design in which the data, measures and modelling strategy used to test the hypotheses are explained. In the third section I will present the outcomes of the analyses and discuss which of the hypotheses are supported and rejected. The chapter closes with a summarization of the main findings and a discussion of their implications. 4.2 Three mechanisms that link ethnic heterogeneity to member dropout In the past, various mechanisms have been distinguished which potentially link the ethnic heterogeneity of groups to individuals’ involvement (Koopmans & Schaeffer, 2015; Meer & Tolsma, 2014). Unfortunately, few studies have been able to test these different mechanisms simultaneously. Often, only a single measure for group heterogeneity is used8. This is problematic because while all mechanisms suggest that people tend to favour ethnically homogeneous settings over heterogeneous ones, they are analytically and empirically related to different compositional aspects of group heterogeneity which cannot be captured with a single heterogeneity index. Furthermore, social psychologists (Hogg et al., 1995; Hogg & Terry, 2000; Turner et al., 1979) have long stressed the pivotal role of in- and outgroup categorizations when people meet and interact with others, which cannot be accounted for in an aggregate measure of heterogeneity. To address these issues, I follow Koopmans and Schaeffer’s (2015) suggestion to break down heterogeneity into group specific measures for ethnic ingroup share and outgroup fractionalization respectively. Doing so not only addresses the in- and outgroup distinctions people tend to make in their daily lives, but it will also allow us to further specify the relationship of each mechanism to group heterogeneity. The section below consists of a discussion of three key mechanisms connecting ethnic heterogeneity to member dropout - 8 Most often, the highly popular Herfindahl-Hirschman index (Hirschman, 1964) is used for this purpose.
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