Thesis

64 Ethnic sorting in football except for members with an Indonesian background which show a low degree of segregation. Together, these results largely confirm expectation 1 of this chapter: E1: The average proportion of ingroup co-membership ties substantially exceeds an ethnic group’s proportion in the total member population. We further observe that overall segregation slightly declines over ten playing seasons. As this coincides with a diversifying member population - knowing that H expresses the weighted difference between total member population and club populations - we can conclude that members on average experience increasingly diverse club populations. It is important to note here that we also witness a substantial decrease in the number of clubs over which members are spread. Within ten playing seasons, the population of clubs has decreased by 10 percent. Fewer and bigger organizational units is known to result in lower degrees ofsegregation because it constrains the opportunities sorting over clubs while increasing the opportunities for sorting within them. Expectations 2A and 2B of this chapter considered the relation between inbreeding and group size. E2A: The relative size of an ethnic minority group in the total member population is positively related to inbreeding. E2B: An increase in the size of an ethnic minority group within the total member population will be accompanied by a higher degree of inbreeding. When we look more closely to the segregation indices for each group in table 3.2, we find further substantiation for these expectations. The most numerous minority groups (Turkish, Moroccan or Surinamese background) are highly segregated, while the less numerous groups (Antillean or Indonesian background) show moderate and low segregation. Furthermore, we see that the development of segregation is different for minority groups that have grown significantly in size, compared to those that have not. The segregation of members with Turkish, Indonesian and especially Surinamese backgrounds has declined substantially. For members with Antillean backgrounds, there has only been a marginal decrease in segregation, while Moroccan members even have experienced an increase in segregation. The difference between Moroccan and

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