58 Ethnic sorting in football 3.3 Methodology Data The data include all club memberships during playing seasons 2005/’06 to 2014/’15, which were provided by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB). To determine the ethnic background of members, these membership data were matched with individual data containing the country of origin of Dutch inhabitants and their parents kept by Statistics Netherlands (CBS). This was done successfully for over 94% of the roughly 2.2 million individual members during this timeframe. Measures Ethnicity In addition to ethnically Dutch, I distinguish between five single nationality minority backgrounds (Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, Antillean and Indonesian) and a rest category. In addition to being amongst the most sizable minorities in the Netherlands, these five groups have clear migration histories embedded within the Dutch historical context. For Turkish and Moroccan backgrounds, this is tied to a large wave of labour migration and subsequent family reunification. Citizens with Surinamese, Antillean and Indonesian backgrounds are or stem from ex-colonial groups who have or were moved to the Netherlands. To determine an individual’s ethnic background, the country of birth of the individual and the parents is used. If somebody has two parents who are both born in the Netherlands, this person has a ‘Dutch’ background. If someone has one or more parents born outside of the Netherlands, someone is considered to have a minority background. If this individual is born outside of the Netherlands, his or her background is determined by the country of birth (e.g. a person who is born in Turkey and has one or more parents who are born outside of the Netherlands will be considered Turkish). If a person has one or more parents born outside of the Netherlands, but he or she is born in the Netherlands, the country of birth of the parents is used. If only one parent is born abroad, the country of birth of this parent is used to determine the ethnic background. If both parents are born abroad and their countries of birth differ, the country of birth of the mother is used over the father’s country of birth (e.g. a person who is born in the Netherlands with a mother born in Turkey and a father born in Morocco will be considered Turkish).
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