56 Ethnic sorting in football to capture multiple intergroup relations. If we take the example of a majority group that takes up 80% of the population and four minority groups which each take up 5% of the population, inbreeding between two minority groups would occur if the ratio between ingroup and outgroup co-membership ties exceeds 1:1. After all, both groups have an equal share (5%) in the total member population. Inbreeding between the majority group and a single outgroup occurs when the ratio between ingroup and outgroup co-membership is higher than 16:1 for the majority group (80 / 5 = 16) or, vice versa, higher than 1:16 for the minority group. Taking the preceding into account, the homophily principle would dictate that: E3A: Members with Turkish and Moroccan backgrounds show relatively high degrees of inbreeding. E3B: Amongst members with Dutch, Surinamese, Antillean or Indonesian backgrounds exist relatively low degrees of inbreeding. Religion As part of the pillarization of civic life in the Netherlands, amateur football was strongly segregated across religious lines in the past. To this very day, many existing Dutch amateur football clubs still bear apparent signs of their respective catholic, protestant or secular origins, even though the social significance of these markers has waned due to secularization. It would be wrong, however, to assume that religion therefore has no role to play. Just as immigration has introduced new forms of language diversity, it has also introduced new forms of religious diversity. Consequently, the Netherlands, like various other European countries, is now harbouring a substantial and growing Muslim population. Two characteristics of this religious group are of particular interest when it comes to boundary management between ethnic groups. Firstly, Muslims on average show a relatively high degree of religiosity and identification with their faith (Verkuyten, 2007; Voas & Fleischmann, 2012; Huijnk, 2018). Secondly, adherence to Islam is highly dependent on specific migrant backgrounds (Maliepaard & Gijsberts, 2012). Together, these two characteristics make the distinction between Muslim and non-Muslims in particular a potentially powerful dimension for ethnic classifications of difference. For some ethnic backgrounds, such as the Dutch autochthonous population, adherence to Islam clearly signifies
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