52 Ethnic sorting in football are randomly distributed. So, in the former example inbreeding homophily would occur if the majority group and minority groups have more than 80% or 5% ingroup ties respectively. The distinction between baseline and inbreeding homophily is important, as it helps us to better locate and work towards understanding mechanisms that drive similar individuals together. The distinction between baseline and inbreeding homophily requires us to specify both a population and a form of tie that links individuals out of that population together. This is dependent on the research interests and the data available and will vary accordingly. In one case, the population might be that of a whole country in which the marriage dyads between individuals are studied. In another study, the population might consist of a single school in which multiple friendship ties between classmates are mapped. The focus of this study is on the distribution of members over amateur football clubs. The population thus consists of all members of amateur football clubs in the Netherlands. As a function of their composition and size, clubs offer a certain number of ingroup and outgroup co-membership ties to members (McPherson et al., 2001). Inbreeding homophily occurs when the degree of ingroup co-membership ties is higher than a group’s share in the total member population. Ethnic inbreeding homophily in co-membership ties Ethnicity is known to produce a substantial amount of inbreeding homophily. People with similar ethnic backgrounds are much more likely to form various ties with each other than homophilic baseline models would predict (McPherson et al., 2001). Give the importance of recruitment through network ties for voluntary groups, it seems likely that: E1: The average proportion of ingroup co-membership ties substantially exceeds an ethnic group’s proportion in the total member population. While it is expected that ethnic inbreeding happens across all ethnic groups, there are reasons to assume that its extent and nature varies between groups. Below, I will discuss two important factors which can drive these differences.
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